| TABLE 6: Stock Options Plans and Pre-post Change in Performance Levels | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Dependent variables: | Ln(output/employee) | Total Shareholder | Tobin's Q | Return on Assets | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Return | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Sample: | Full | Paired | Full | Paired | Full | Paired | Full | Paired | ||||||||||||||||
| Independent variables | (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | (7) | (8) | ||||||||||||||||
| All companies w/data in both periods^ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Stock option companies | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1 | 1985-87 | 0.093 | *** | 0.054 | * | 1.003 | 0.742 | 0.312 | ** | 0.269 | *** | 0.540 | 0.354 | |||||||||||
| (4.35) | (1.81) | (0.53) | (0.30) | (6.80) | (3.28) | (0.87) | (0.41) | |||||||||||||||||
| 2 | 1995-97 | 0.294 | *** | 0.222 | *** | 3.506 | * | 4.846 | ** | 0.659 | ** | 0.299 | *** | 4.319 | ** | 2.40 | *** | |||||||
| (13.56) | (7.33) | (1.82) | (1.96) | (14.18) | (3.59) | (6.88) | (2.75) | |||||||||||||||||
| Paired companies | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 3 | 1985-87 | -0.005 | 2.47 | -0.037 | 0.467 | |||||||||||||||||||
| (0.30) | (1.56) | (0.98) | (0.94) | |||||||||||||||||||||
| 4 | 1995-97 | 0.048 | *** | 4.15 | *** | 0.094 | ** | 1.723 | ** | |||||||||||||||
| (2.76) | (2.62) | (2.47) | (3.43) | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Change from 1985-87 to 1995-97 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 5 | Stock option co. | 0.201 | *** | 2.503 | 0.347 | ** | 3.779 | ** | ||||||||||||||||
| (6.82) | (0.97) | (5.53) | (4.43) | |||||||||||||||||||||
| 6 | Paired co. | 0.053 | ** | 1.680 | 0.131 | ** | 1.256 | * | ||||||||||||||||
| (2.24) | (0.78) | (2.54) | (1.84) | |||||||||||||||||||||
| 7 | Difference | 0.148 | *** | 0.168 | *** | 0.823 | 4.104 | 0.216 | ** | 0.030 | 2.523 | ** | 2.048 | * | ||||||||||
| (4.22) | (3.96) | (0.26) | (1.19) | (2.85) | (0.26) | (2.48) | (1.68) | |||||||||||||||||
| Total observations | 12870 | 768 | 9942 | 636 | 11088 | 630 | 13032 | 774 | ||||||||||||||||
| Number of stock option companies represented | 165 | 128 | 147 | 106 | 153 | 105 | 166 | 129 | ||||||||||||||||
| Number of paired companies represented | 1980 | 128 | 1510 | 106 | 1695 | 105 | 2006 | 129 | ||||||||||||||||
| Within-company change following adoption | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| of non-management stock option plans^^ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 8 | Pre-adoption | 0.063 | * | -0.082 | 1.978 | -1.619 | 0.458 | 0.378 | * | 3.604 | ** | 1.912 | ||||||||||||
| (1.75) | (1.53) | (0.58) | (0.29) | (2.94) | (1.69) | (2.26) | (0.96) | |||||||||||||||||
| 9 | Post-adoption | 0.14 | *** | 0.009 | -0.704 | -0.517 | 0.782 | 0.359 | 4.611 | * | 2.483 | |||||||||||||
| (3.85) | (0.14) | (0.16) | (0.07) | (3.00) | (1.16) | (1.82) | (0.79) | |||||||||||||||||
| 10 | Difference | 0.077 | ** | 0.091 | * | -2.682 | 1.10 | 0.325 | -0.019 | 1.007 | 0.57 | |||||||||||||
| (2.53) | (1.65) | (0.55) | (0.14) | (1.91) | (0.06) | (0.60) | (0.20) | |||||||||||||||||
| Total observations | 238 | 186 | 207 | 154 | 216 | 161 | 238 | 188 | ||||||||||||||||
| Number of stock option companies represented | 16 | 13 | 15 | 12 | 16 | 12 | 16 | 13 | ||||||||||||||||
| Number of paired companies represented | 13 | 12 | 12 | 13 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| * p<.10 ** p<.05 *** p<.01 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ^ Based on robust regressions run on all companies with complete data for the 1985-87 and 1995-97 periods. Controls include ln(employment) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| and ln(assets) interacted with each period, plus year dummies and 2-digit industry dummies. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ^^ Based on residuals from robust regressions of performance variables on ln(employment), ln(net assets), and 2-digit industry variables | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| run separately for each year. Reported results are based on stock option companies with at least two pre-adoption observations | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| and two post-adoption observations. Observations were weighted using robust regression weights and number of observations per | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| company so that the weighted number of pre-adoption observations equals the weighted number of post-adoption | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| observations for each company, to provide a balanced pre/post comparison. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||